Albúmina en el paciente crítico: ¿mito o realidad terapéutica?: [revisión] / Albumin in the critically ill patient: myth or real therapeutics?: [review]

Under normal conditions, the plasmatic oncotic pressure is determined mainly by albumin. Numerous trials in critically ill patients have showed that hypoalbuminemia is associated to poor outcome. So, the administration of exogenous albumin is an attractive therapeutic strategy, widely spread in different clinical scenes. Nevertheless, its use has been questioned in the last period and up to date there is no clear evidence of the real effectiveness and/or utility. This article reviews the physiological and pathophysiological concepts that would justify the use of synthetic albumin. According to current literature, discussion about the rationality of its use in different pathological situations exists, trying to outline those clinical conditions that could or could not benefit with its administration. Certainly, clinical guidelines with recommendations about the benefits and indications of this therapy are required. Hypoalbuminemia in the critically ill patient is produced principally by redistribution, secondary to changes in capillary permeability: "transcapillary leakage". The crucial interrelation between osmotic plasmatic pressure and albumin concentration in healthy individuals is lost in several critical conditions. Agreements on indications for use of albumin have not been achieved, since in different clinical context (resuscitation, sepsis, post-surgical, burns, nephrotic syndrome, ARDS) there are no significant advantages in morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients, compared to other cristalloids or synthetic colloids used. It is extremely important to develop clinical guidelines with recommendations on benefits and indications for the use of albumin in critically ill patients.

La albúmina es la principal determinante de la presión oncótica plasmática. La reducción de sus niveles séricos se asociaría a malos resultados clínicos, fundamentalmente, en la población de pacientes críticos, por lo cual su administración exógena resulta una estrategia terapéutica atractiva y ampliamente difundida. Su uso, sin embargo, ha sido cuestionado en el último tiempo, no existiendo a la fecha una clara evidencia de su real eficacia y/o utilidad. Objetivo: Revisar los conceptos fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos que subyacen al uso de albúmina sintética y evaluar la racionalidad de su utilización en distintas situaciones patológicas, intentando perfilar las condiciones clínicas que pudieran o no beneficiarse de su administración. La hipoalbuminemia en el paciente crítico está dada principalmente por un fenómeno de redistribución, secundario a cambios en la permeabilidad capilar (escape transcapilar), y la correlación entre presión osmótica plasmática y concentración de albúmina en individuos sanos, se pierde en condiciones críticas. A pesar de la literatura existente, no se han logrado acuerdos sobre las indicaciones para el uso de albúmina, ya que en los distintos contextos clínicos revisados, (resucitación, sepsis, post quirúrgicos, quemados, síndrome nefrótico, SDRA), no aparecen ventajas significativas en la morbimortalidad al compararla con el uso de cristaloides u otros coloides sintéticos, sin dejar de mencionar además el costo económico que representa su uso. Se requieren guías clínicas de consenso, basadas en la evidencia, que establezcan recomendaciones acerca de los beneficios e indicaciones de esta herramienta terapéutica, que por ahora aparece con indicaciones muy limitadas en los pacientes críticos.

The correlation between coagulation test and albumin with antithrombin III in Dengue hemorrhagic fever.

AIM: To analyse the correlation between coagulation tests (PT APTT fibrinogen, D-dimer) and albumin with AT-II in DHF as well to find the formula to calculate AT-III with the parameter of coagulation tests and albumin. METHODS: A descriptive-correlative cross sectional study was conducted to 49 patients with DHF consisted of DHF I(17), DHF (19), DHF III (6) and DHF IV (7). The diagnosis of DHF is based on WHO criteria 1997. The laboratory examinations were coagulation tests (PT, APT, fibrinogen and D-dimer), antithrombin III and albumin, performed when the fever subside and the platelets reached the lowest count(4(th) - 6(th) day). RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between PT and AT-III (r= -0.631; p=0.000), between D-dimer and AT-III (r= -0.337; p=0.021) and between albumin and AT-III (r= 0.291; p-0.045). In multiple linier regression analysis(backward), AT-III can be calculated with the formula, accuracy 68.3%. CONCLUSIONS: PT and D-dimer were correlated negatively with AT-III, however albumin was correlated positively with AT-III. PT, D-dimer and AT-III were correlated with the grading severity of the DHF. In this study, AT-III can be calculated with the formula, accuracy 68.3%.

Albumin bound nonesterified fatty acids inhibit in vitro lipid peroxidation.

Individual nonesterified fatty acids were bound to albumin in vitro and these fatty acid albumin complexes were used to study their effect on lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. Peroxidation was induced by various methods and malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as an index of peroxidation. Among the fatty acids tested, albumin-bound monounsaturated fatty acids showed more inhibition of peroxidation as compared to other fatty acids. Increasing the concentration of iron in the peroxidizing system, partially reversed the inhibition by fatty acids. Moreover, albumin-bound fatty acid did not inhibit iron independent peroxidation. This suggests that, like nonesterified fatty acids, albumin-bound fatty acids inhibit peroxidation by chelating the iron. Albumin fatty acid complex, similar to the fatty acid composition present in the circulating albumin, also showed inhibition of peroxidation. These data indicate that nonesterified fatty acids even when bound to albumin are capable of inhibiting peroxidation and circulating albumin, which contains various fatty acids bound to it, may impart some antioxidant effect in addition to other plasma antioxidants.